Fault injection attacks are a category of active attacks within the gray-box model, where the attacker, having physical access to the cryptographic device, deliberately introduces an error into the system. This error leads to alterations in the intermediate and output values of the device, allowing the attacker to extract sensitive information, such as cryptographic keys, by analyzing the resulting discrepancies. Due to their ease of execution and high effectiveness, these attacks present a serious threat to the security of cryptographic implementations and can even compromise systems with protective mechanisms in place. Recent trends indicate a significant increase in research within this field, marking it as an active area of study in the context of cryptographic algorithm implementations. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive study that encompasses fault injection attacks and their countermeasures. In this paper, we introduce fault injection attacks, discussing their characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. We then explore and compare various attack analysis methods and conclude by examining strategies to mitigate these attacks.