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Cyber security education in Iran is not aligned with global standards and approaches, and three factors, the educational sector, training applicants and stakeholders, and companies do not have proper knowledge of the required specializations and work roles. Different specializations in cyber security work fields in Iran do not match the international standard puzzles and this has created security holes in the country's cyber ecosystem. People working in cyberspace need a combination of domain-specific knowledge, skills, abilities, and other expertise to be as reliable and resilient as the technologies they work with.
At the international level, several frameworks have been designed and implemented for the training and employment of cybersecurity professionals. The most important of which are the US National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) Cybersecurity Workforce Framework, the European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF), and the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) Cyber Skills Framework. In this paper, each of these frameworks is briefly introduced and their key features, including purpose, structure, and components, are reviewed and analyzed. In addition, their effectiveness in handling global organizations' challenges in creating and developing cybersecurity expert human resources is evaluated and analyzed critically. This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each framework, shows the propinquity of one of the frameworks to Iran's educational and labor markets, and provides recommendations for designing a national framework for training and employing cybersecurity professionals, which can be a great lesson for the country to ensure that the necessary measures are taken as soon as possible by those in charge.
 

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Authentication plays a pivotal role in ensuring communication security. Cryptographic methods are frequently employed to fulfill this purpose. These methods, implemented at upper network layers, encounter challenges including complexity, power consumption, and overhead. Particularly for users with limited computational power, these methods encounter challenges. A novel solution to overcome these challenges is physical layer authentication (PLA), which involves utilizing physical layer features to embed a tag in the transmitted signal for authentication, leveraging various channel characteristics such as position, velocity, noise, etc. In this paper, a review of previous research is provided, highlighting the differences between physical layer and upper-layer authentication. Furthermore, existing categorizations for PLA and a novel classification based on covertness levels are provided. Moreover, possible attacks and corresponding countermeasures are investigated, followed by suggestions for future research in this area.